md-medicaldata

Authors

 

Duška Ilić², Dragan Turanjanin^1,2, Nikola Bošković^1,2, Izabella Fabri Galamboš^1,2, Nemanja Galetić², Anna Uram Benka<sup>1,2

1</sup>Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Medicinski fakultet Novi Sad, Srbija
²Institut za zdravstvenu zaštitu dece i omladine Vojvodine, Novi Sad, Srbija

 

UDK: 616-089.5-06

The paper was received / Rad primljen: 02.10.2024.

Accepted / Rad prihvaćen: 20.11.2024.

 

Correspondence to:

Duška Ilić
Vase Pelagića 10, Novi Sad;
Tel: 065 4577363
e-mail: duskailic12@gmail.com

 

 

Sažetak

 

 

Opšta anestezija se danas smatra sve bezbednijom medicinskom procedurom, koja ipak podrazmeva određene rizike i komplikacije. Postojanje rizika se uglavnom pripisuje karakteristikama pacijenta, ali i tehnici anestezije i planiranoj proceduri. Komplikacije opšte anestezije koje se definišu kao najčešće su: respiratorne, kardiovaskularne, gastrointestinalne, urinarne, neurološke i ostale specifične komplikacije. Laringospazam se najčešće javlja kod trudnica i dece, dok se bronhospazam javlja češće kod pacijenata sa povećanom reaktivnošću disajnih puteva, usled skorašnje respiratorne infekcije, astme i hroničnog bronhitisa, atopijske konstitucije ili kod pušača. Hipotenzija predstavlja čestu komplikaciju kod pacijenata koji se operišu u opštoj anesteziji sa incidencom do 30%. Intraoperativna kritična hipotenzija je povezana sa većim postoperativnim mortalitetom. Za blagovremeno otkrivanje aritmija neophodno je kontinuirano praćenje elektrokardiograma, posebno usled mogućeg prekomernog izlučivanje endogenih kateholamina u toku neodgovarajuće analgezije i dubine anestezije, kao i tokom manipulacije disajnim putem. Postoperativna mučnina i povraćanje je vrlo česta komplikacija opšte anestezije, a faktori rizika su: ženski pol, gojaznost, pozitivna istorija na prethodnu postoperativnu mučninu i povraćanje, teško oboleli pacijenti, pacijenti sa povredama glave, korisnici opijata, pacijenti sa opstrukcijom segmenata gastrointestinalog trakta, dužina operacije kao i vrsta operacije i anestezije. Postoperativne kognitivne disfunkcije se čašće javljaju kod bolesnika starije životne dobi, kao i kod psihijatrijskih i neuroloških komorbiditeta. Neke od ostalih komplikacija su: otežan disajni put, anafilaktičke reakcije, budnost tokom anestezije i traumatske povrede.

 

Ključne reči:

opšta anestezija; laringospazam; postoperativna mučnina i povraćanje, postoperativna kognitivna disfunkcija

 

 

 

Abstract

 

General anesthesia is considered as a safe medical procedure, which is nevertheless associated certain risks and complications. The existence of risk is mainly attributed to the characteristics of the patient, but also to the technique of anesthesia and the planned procedure. Complications of general anesthesia that are most common are: respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, urinary, neurological and other specific complications. Laryngospasm occurs most often in pregnant women and children, while bronchospasm occurs more often in patients with increased reactivity of the airway, due to a recent respiratory infection, asthma or chronic bronchitis, atopic constitution or in smokers. Hypotension is a frequent complication in patients undergoing surgery under general anesthesia with an incidence of 30%. Intraoperative critical hypotension is associated with higher postoperative mortality. Continuous intraoperative electrocardiogram monitoring is necessary for the timely detection of arrhythmias, especially due to the possible excessive secretion of endogenous catecholamines during inadequate analgesia and anesthesia, as well as during airway manipulation. Postoperative nausea and vomiting is a very common complication of general anesthesia, with risk factors beeing: female gender, obesity, positive history of previous postoperative nausea and vomiting, critically ill patients, patients with head injuries, opiate users, patients with gastrointestinal obstruction, the lenght of surgery and type of surgery and anesthesia. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction occur more often in elderly patients, as well as in patients with psychiatric and neurological comorbidities. Other complications include: difficulty airway, occurrence of anaphylactic reaction, awareness  during anesthesia and traumatic injuries.

 

Key words:

general anesthesia, laryngospasm, postoperative nausea and vomiting, postoperative cognitive dysfunction.

 

 

 

 

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